A large prevalence of ASA has been reported in infertile men (3.9%–15.6%), significantly higher than those reported in fertile men (0.9%–2.5%). However, the indications for ASA testing are unclear and the clinical significance of detecting ASA in serum is questionable. Immunological infertility is only diagnosed when there is evidence of altered sperm functional capacity due to ASA. Īlthough not all ASA impair sperm function, ASA may alter the motility, acrosome reaction, capacitation, and fertilizing abilities of the spermatozoon. However, when the blood-testis barrier is broken or damaged due to injury or illness, there will be exposure of mature germ cells (antigen carriers) to the immune system leading to the development of ASA. Therefore, spermatozoa are physiologically unexposed to the male immune system. Mature spermatozoa are normally located behind the blood-testis barrier. ASA are immunoglobulins directed against antigens present on the sperm surface. Antisperm antibodies (ASA) were reported in infertile males as early as 1954. Furthermore, we report the results of a recent worldwide survey, conducted to gather information about clinical practices in the management of immunological male infertility.Īntibodies and auto-antibodies were discovered at the end of the 19th century by three Nobel Prize winners, Elie Metchnikoff, Paul Ehrlich, and Karl Landsteiner. Additionally, laboratory and clinical scenarios are presented to guide the reader in the management of ASA and immunological male infertility. We also provide the details of laboratory procedures for assessment of ASA together with important measures for quality control. In this article, we provide a comprehensive review of the causes of ASA production, its role in immunological male infertility, clinical indications of ASA testing, and the available therapeutic options. The andrological management of ASA depends on the etiology and individual practices of clinicians. However, ASA can also be present in the absence of any sperm agglutination. The presence of sperm agglutination, while insufficient to diagnose immunological infertility, may indicate the presence of ASA. The relationship between ASA and infertility is somewhat complex. ASA testing (with mixed anti-globulin reaction, and immunobead binding test) was described in the WHO manual 5th edition and is most recently listed among the extended semen tests in the WHO manual 6th edition. Multiple causes of ASA production have been identified, and they are due to an abnormal exposure of mature germ cells to the immune system. Le, 63 Taymour Mostafa, 64 Tuncay Toprak, 65 Yoshiharu Morimoto, 66 Vineet Malhotra, 67 Azin Aghamajidi, 68 Damayanthi Durairajanayagam, 69 and Rupin Shah 70Īntisperm antibodies (ASA), as a cause of male infertility, have been detected in infertile males as early as 1954. Al-Marhoon, 50 Nicholas Tadros, 51 Nicolas Garrido, 52 Osvaldo Rajmil, 53 Pallav Sengupta, 54 Paraskevi Vogiatzi, 55 Parviz Kavoussi, 56 Ponco Birowo, 57 Raghavender Kosgi, 58 Saleem Bani-Hani, 59 Sava Micic, 60 Sijo Parekattil, 61 Sunil Jindal, 62 Tan V. Colpi, 27 Gökhan Çeker, 28 Hisanori Taniguchi, 29 Hussein Kandil, 30 Hyun Jun Park, 31, 32 Israel Maldonado Rosas, 33 Jean de la Rosette, 34 Joao Paulo Greco Cardoso, 35 Jonathan Ramsay, 36 Juan Alvarez, 37, 38 Juan Manuel Corral Molina, 39 Kareim Khalafalla, 40, 41 Kasonde Bowa, 42 Kelton Tremellen, 43 Evangelini Evgeni, 44 Lucia Rocco, 45 Marcelo Gabriel Rodriguez Peña, 46 Marjan Sabbaghian, 47 Marlon Martinez, 48 Mohamed Arafa, 1, 40, 49 Mohamed S. Ho, 19 Daniel Suslik Zylbersztejn, 20 Edoardo Pescatori, 21 Eric Chung, 22 Fotios Dimitriadis, 23 Germar-Michael Pinggera, 24 Gian Maria Busetto, 25 Giancarlo Balercia, 26 Gianmaria Salvio, 26 Giovanni M. Sajal Gupta, 1 Rakesh Sharma, 1 Ashok Agarwal, 1 Florence Boitrelle, 2, 3 Renata Finelli, 1 Ala'a Farkouh, 1 Ramadan Saleh, 4 Taha Abo-Almagd Abdel-Meguid, 5, 6 Murat Gül, 7 Birute Zilaitiene, 8 Edmund Ko, 9 Amarnath Rambhatla, 10 Armand Zini, 11 Kristian Leisegang, 12 Shinnosuke Kuroda, 1 Ralf Henkel, 1, 13, 14, 15 Rossella Cannarella, 16 Ayad Palani, 17 Chak-Lam Cho, 18 Christopher C.K.
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |